VCAA Physical Education How is training implemented effectively to improve fitness?
15 sample questions with marking guides and sample answers · Avg. score: 58%
A coach could use a questionnaire with an athlete to
allow the athlete to reflect on their performance.
provide observable feedback to the athlete.
highlight everything the athlete does wrongly.
instruct the athlete on the skill they are learning.
Reveal Answer
allow the athlete to reflect on their performance.
Questionnaires are self-report tools that encourage athletes to think critically and reflect on their own performance, feelings, or attitudes.
provide observable feedback to the athlete.
Observable feedback is typically provided by the coach through video analysis or direct observation, not through a questionnaire filled out by the athlete.
highlight everything the athlete does wrongly.
While questionnaires can help identify areas for improvement, their purpose is to gather subjective data and prompt reflection, not to focus solely on negative aspects or mistakes.
instruct the athlete on the skill they are learning.
Questionnaires are used to gather information or prompt reflection, whereas instruction involves direct teaching, coaching, or demonstration of a skill.
The key features of an effective warm-up include
conditioning and recovery.
low intensity and high duration.
muscle activation and dynamic stretching.
reduced heart rate and removal of waste products from exertion.
Reveal Answer
conditioning and recovery.
Conditioning refers to the main workout phase, and recovery typically occurs after exercise; neither are the primary focus of the initial warm-up.
low intensity and high duration.
Warm-ups are generally of short to moderate duration and progressively increase in intensity to prepare the body, rather than staying at a low intensity for a long time.
muscle activation and dynamic stretching.
Effective warm-ups prepare the body for performance by activating specific muscle groups and using dynamic movements to increase body temperature and range of motion.
reduced heart rate and removal of waste products from exertion.
Reducing heart rate and removing waste products are goals of a cool-down; a warm-up aims to increase heart rate and blood flow.
According to the principle of progressive overload, what must happen before an increased load can be applied to a training program?
completion of the previous microcycle
adaptation to the previous training load
improvement in an authentic performance
training conducted within the aerobic energy system
Reveal Answer
completion of the previous microcycle
Simply finishing a specific time period (microcycle) does not guarantee the body is ready for more stress; physiological adaptation is the necessary trigger, not just the passage of time.
adaptation to the previous training load
Progressive overload requires the body to adapt to the current level of stress before increasing the load, ensuring that the body can handle the new demand without injury.
improvement in an authentic performance
While performance improvements are the goal, one does not need to wait for a competitive or 'authentic' performance result to increase training load; training metrics are sufficient indicators.
training conducted within the aerobic energy system
The principle of progressive overload applies to all forms of training and energy systems, including anaerobic strength and power training, not just aerobic conditioning.
Which training method for physical activity has direct links to mobilising joints to maintain and improve range of motion?
circuit training
fartlek training
interval training
flexibility training
Reveal Answer
circuit training
Circuit training involves performing a series of exercises in rotation to improve strength and muscular endurance, rather than specifically targeting joint mobility.
fartlek training
Fartlek training is a form of continuous endurance training that varies speed and intensity, focusing on cardiovascular fitness rather than range of motion.
interval training
Interval training alternates between periods of high-intensity work and rest to improve speed and cardiovascular fitness, not flexibility.
flexibility training
Flexibility training specifically focuses on stretching muscles and connective tissues to mobilize joints and increase their range of motion.
The most likely muscular adaptation resulting from a 12-week long-interval training program is
increased Type II fibres.
decreased resting heart rate.
increased CP stores.
increased size and number of mitochondria.
Reveal Answer
increased Type II fibres.
Long-interval training primarily targets the aerobic energy system, which relies on Type I (slow-twitch) muscle fibres rather than Type II (fast-twitch) fibres.
decreased resting heart rate.
Although a decreased resting heart rate is a common adaptation to aerobic training, it is a cardiovascular adaptation, not a muscular one as specified in the question.
increased CP stores.
Increased creatine phosphate (CP) stores are a muscular adaptation associated with high-intensity anaerobic training, not aerobic long-interval training.
increased size and number of mitochondria.
Long-interval training enhances the aerobic system, leading to muscular adaptations such as an increase in the size and number of mitochondria to improve aerobic energy production.
Analyse the position-specific or event-specific components of fitness relevant to optimal performance in a physical activity you have studied in Unit 4. Determine which two components are the most important to ensure optimal performance.
Devise a two-session microcycle to optimise performance in a relevant specialised movement sequence in the selected physical activity context.
Justify the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles.
Selected physical activity (and position, if applicable): ______________________
Reveal Answer
Analysing components of fitness
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a discerning analysis of the relevant components of fitness for the selected physical activity; demonstrates discerning links to the position or event requirements; determines the two most important components of fitness for the selected physical activity | 4 |
Explains the relevant components of fitness for the selected physical activity; demonstrates considered links to the position or event requirements; determines the two most important components of fitness for the selected physical activity | 3 |
Describes the relevant components of fitness for the selected physical activity; demonstrates feasible links to the position or event requirements OR identifies relevant components of fitness for the selected physical activity; determines the two most important components of fitness for the selected physical activity | 2 |
Identifies relevant components of fitness for the selected physical activity OR identifies features of the position or event | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Devising a microcycle
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a relevant two-session microcycle; explains the training sessions; makes discerning links to one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 4 |
Provides a relevant two-session microcycle; describes the training sessions; makes considered links to one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 3 |
Provides a microcycle with a training session; describes the training sessions OR identifies features of a training sessions; identifies a specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 2 |
Identifies features of a training session OR identifies a specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Justifying training methods, principles of training and recovery principles
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a discerning justification of the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles in optimising performance; demonstrates insightful use of evidence from the devised microcycle to support how the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles optimise performance; makes discerning links to one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 6 |
Justifies the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles in optimising performance; demonstrates appropriate use of evidence from the devised microcycle to support how the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles optimise performance; makes considered links to one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 5 |
Justifies the selected training method/s and/or principle/s of training and/or recovery principle/s in optimising performance; demonstrates feasible use of evidence from the devised microcycle to support how the selected training method/s and principle/s of training and recovery principle/s to optimise performance; makes appropriate links to one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context OR explains the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles in optimising performance; demonstrates superficial use of evidence from the devised microcycle to support how the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles optimise | 4 |
Explains the selected training method/s and/or principle/s of training and/or recovery principle/s in optimising performance; demonstrates superficial use of evidence from the devised microcycle to support how the selected training method/s, principle/s of training and recovery principle/s optimise performance in one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context OR describes the selected training methods and/or principles of training and/or recovery principles in optimising performance; demonstrates feasible use of evidence from the devised microcycle to support how the selected training methods, principles of training and recovery principles optimise performance in one specialised movement sequence in the physical activity context | 3 |
Describes the training method/s and/or principle/s of training and/or recovery principle/s in optimising performance | 2 |
Identifies a feature from the microcycle aimed at improving performance | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
An athlete is preparing for a five-kilometre running race in eight weeks. The athlete’s current training plan includes a slow 15-minute jog once a week (covering approximately 2.5 kilometres). Propose modifications to this training plan. Select four training principles to justify the modifications for optimising the athlete’s performance in the upcoming race.
Reveal Answer
Modifications to the athlete’s program should consider the training principles of progressive overload (PO), frequency, intensity and duration, which all interrelate to encourage optimal training adaptations and progressions.
PO refers to the gradual increase in training load to encourage fitness adaptations. Modifications would include progressive increases in the workload (duration, frequency and intensity). This could initially include progressively increasing distance to eventually reflect the required/competition distance. When aerobic adaptations result, this training principle would continue to be applied with further sessions at higher intensities or longer distances until tapering is applied at one to two weeks before competition.
Duration refers to the length of each session. This should be reflective of the goal. The athlete’s current training session does not reflect the required work period anticipated in the upcoming competition. The athlete currently covers approximately half the distance required by the competition. Duration is interrelated with PO, frequency and intensity and provides specificity in training. Modifications would include increasing the session duration (progressively) to meet the expected work periods of the competition.
Frequency refers to the number of sessions the athlete is completing within a given training period. The athlete’s current one session per week is not sufficient to support adaptations or improvements in performance. Modifications would see the number of sessions increase by one session a week, progressing to three to four sessions per week, with consideration given to the athlete’s recovery. This would also support the application of the suggested PO modifications.
Intensity refers to the level of workload in training sessions. The athlete’s current session intensity is not reflective of the required work rate for effective aerobic progressions. Modifications would see the progressive inclusion of faster cadences or higher target heart rate (THR)/training zone sections for increased speed. This would see physiological adaptations occur and faster completion time over the eight-week timeframe.
Principle 1
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Selects and justifies a relevant training principle in the proposed modification to the training plan to optimise the athlete’s performance | 4 |
Selects a relevant training principle that would optimise the athlete’s performance; proposes a relevant modification | 3 |
Selects a training principle that would optimise performance | 2 |
Identifies a training principle OR identifies a modification to optimise performance | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors. | 0 |
Principle 2
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Selects and justifies a relevant training principle in the proposed modification to the training plan to optimise the athlete’s performance | 4 |
Selects a relevant training principle that would optimise the athlete’s performance; proposes a relevant modification | 3 |
Selects a training principle that would optimise performance | 2 |
Identifies a training principle OR identifies a modification to optimise performance | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors. | 0 |
Principle 3
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Selects and justifies a relevant training principle in the proposed modification to the training plan to optimise the athlete’s performance | 4 |
Selects a relevant training principle that would optimise the athlete’s performance; proposes a relevant modification | 3 |
Selects a training principle that would optimise performance | 2 |
Identifies a training principle OR identifies a modification to optimise performance | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors. | 0 |
Principle 4
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Selects and justifies a relevant training principle in the proposed modification to the training plan to optimise the athlete’s performance | 4 |
Selects a relevant training principle that would optimise the athlete’s performance; proposes a relevant modification | 3 |
Selects a training principle that would optimise performance | 2 |
Identifies a training principle OR identifies a modification to optimise performance | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors. | 0 |
Identify the component of fitness targeted by the mesocycle in Stimulus 1 in the stimulus book. Explain how four indicators from the stimulus support your identification.
Reveal Answer
The mesocycle targets muscular endurance.
Muscular endurance is promoted by keeping the heart rate (HR) high for a long period of time. This mesocycle has many low-intensity and high-repetition activities, which allows HR to remain high and movement to be extended over a longer time frame. This correlates to contractions being held for an extended time, requiring HR to remain high for longer.
Many activities involve constant movement. This promotes elevated HR, while limited recovery time between activities also keeps HR high.
| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Identifies that muscular endurance is the component of fitness targeted in the mesocycle; explains 4 indicators that support the identified component of fitness | 5 |
Identifies a relevant component of fitness that would be targeted in the mesocycle; explains 3 indicators that support the identified component of fitness | 4 |
Identifies a relevant component of fitness that would be targeted in the mesocycle; provides a description of 2 indicators | 3 |
Identifies a relevant component of fitness that would be targeted in the mesocycle; provides a description of 1 indicator | 2 |
Identifies a component of fitness that would be targeted in the mesocycle OR identifies a relevant indicator present in the mesocycle | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Evaluate how training principles and energy systems are used to support the improvement of this component of fitness across the four-week training progression in Stimulus 1. Justify your response using the stimulus.
Reveal Answer
The volume is increasing with the increased weight in the back squats and increased repetitions in the box jumps. By increasing volume, we target increased adaptations through progressive overload.
Limited rest between repetitions does not permit sufficient recovery for repeated maximal efforts. This infers power and strength will be reduced in consecutive sets/efforts, targeting muscular endurance. Heart rate (HR) stays high, operating at or above threshold. The work periods are relatively short, not developing cardiovascular endurance.
Work:rest ratios are increasing in the back squats, because the repetitions are decreasing; however, the work:rest ratios are decreasing in the box jumps, because the repetitions are increasing, while rest remains constant.
Intensity is increasing in the back squats, which will increase muscular fatigue prior to beginning the box jumps. As the repetitions of box jumps increase, athlete fatigue increases. This targets muscular endurance through progressive overload.
Muscular endurance is optimised using the lactic acid system, as the work has a longer duration than more explosive power-based or strength-based movements. The aerobic system also provides contributions to the energy requirements; however, due to the work periods being short, it is not a primary contributor. This mesocycle supports improvements in muscular endurance through focusing on the required energy system, building of lactate tolerance and repeated contractions against a resistance.
Training Principles
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a discerning justification of how the training principles support the improvement of the component of fitness | 5 |
Provides a considered justification of how the training principles support the improvement of the component of fitness | 4 |
Provides a feasible justification of how the training principles support the improvement of the component of fitness | 3 |
Provides a superficial justification of how the training principles support the improvement of the component of fitness | 2 |
Provides a description of how the training principles support the improvement of the component of fitness | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Energy System
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a discerning justification of how the energy system supports the improvement of the component of fitness | 5 |
Provides a considered justification of how the energy system supports the improvement of the component of fitness | 4 |
Provides a feasible justification of how the energy system supports the improvement of the component of fitness | 3 |
Provides a superficial justification of how the energy system supports the improvement of the component of fitness | 2 |
Provides a description of how the energy system supports the improvement of the component of fitness | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Evaluation and Evidence
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a critical evaluation of the effectiveness of the mesocycle and uses comprehensive evidence from the stimulus to support evaluative statements | 5 |
Provides a considered evaluation of the effectiveness of the mesocycle and uses extensive evidence from the stimulus to support evaluative statements | 4 |
Provides a feasible evaluation of the effectiveness of the mesocycle and uses detailed evidence from the stimulus to support evaluative statements | 3 |
Provides a superficial evaluation of the effectiveness of the mesocycle and uses evidence from the stimulus to support evaluative statements | 2 |
Identifies a relevant piece of information about training principles or energy systems OR identifies evidence from the stimulus that relates to a training principle or energy systems | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Below is an example of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program.
| Frequency | Intensity | Work period | Recovery period | Type | Repetitions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 × per week | 80–90% VO max. | 4 min | 1–3 min | running | 4–6 |
State the fitness component being targeted by the training program above.
Reveal Answer
Aerobic power
| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
States 'Aerobic power' as the fitness component being targeted. | 1 |
Outline one benefit of HIIT compared to long interval training.
Reveal Answer
For example:
less time commitment as opposed to long interval training
| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
1 mark for outlining one benefit of HIIT compared to long interval training. Acceptable answers include:
| 1 |
List two chronic adaptations that occur as a result of using the HIIT method.
Reveal Answer
For example:
increased VO maximum and increased capillarisation.
| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
1 mark for each correct point (up to 2 marks). Acceptable answers include:
| 2 |
Explain how one of the chronic adaptations listed in part b.i. can improve running performance.
Reveal Answer
Running performance is improved by increased mitochondrial mass, which allows more sites for aerobic energy production, which allows you to work at higher intensity, aerobically delaying the use of the anaerobic systems and the fatiguing factors associated with them.
| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Identifies a relevant chronic adaptation (e.g., increased mitochondrial mass) | 1 |
Explains how this adaptation improves running performance (e.g., allows more sites for aerobic energy production, delaying the use of anaerobic systems) | 1 |
Use the following information to answer the question.
Following an athlete's competitive phase, they will be prescribed a training program by their fitness coaches. This training program is likely to contain less volume than the training program the athlete follows during their competitive phase but it is of similar intensity.
While completing any training program, athletes record a range of training data, such as sleep patterns, stress scores, heart rate data and teammates they have trained with.
Which one of the following is an example of sociocultural data used to monitor performance?
sleep patterns
stress scores
heart rate data
teammates the athletes have trained with
Reveal Answer
sleep patterns
Sleep patterns are considered physiological or psychological data, as they relate to the body's physical rest and recovery rather than social interactions.
stress scores
Stress scores are an example of psychological data, as they measure an athlete's mental and emotional state rather than their social environment.
heart rate data
Heart rate data is a physiological metric that measures the body's physical response to exercise, not a sociocultural factor.
teammates the athletes have trained with
Information about teammates an athlete trains with represents sociocultural data because it relates to social interactions, relationships, and the training environment.
The RAMP approach to warming up before starting a training session refers to
raise, activate, mobilise, prepare.
rest, activate, mobilise, prepare.
rise, articulate, moderate, plan.
raise, activate, moderate, plan.
Reveal Answer
raise, activate, mobilise, prepare.
This is the correct acronym for the RAMP protocol developed by Ian Jeffreys. It stands for Raise (body temperature), Activate (key muscle groups), Mobilise (joints), and Prepare (or Potentiate) for the specific activity.
rest, activate, mobilise, prepare.
The 'R' in RAMP stands for Raise, not Rest. A warm-up is intended to increase physiological activity, whereas resting would have the opposite effect.
rise, articulate, moderate, plan.
This option uses incorrect terminology. The correct terms are Raise, Activate, Mobilise, and Prepare/Potentiate, not Rise, Articulate, Moderate, or Plan.
raise, activate, moderate, plan.
While 'Raise' and 'Activate' are correct, 'Moderate' and 'Plan' are incorrect. The 'M' stands for Mobilise and the 'P' stands for Prepare (or Potentiate).
Which training principle is used when an endurance runner introduces full-body resistance training to help improve motivation and muscle imbalances?
progressive overload
individuality
specificity
variety
Reveal Answer
progressive overload
Progressive overload involves gradually increasing the workload (intensity, volume, or duration) to stimulate adaptation, rather than changing the training type to address motivation or imbalances.
individuality
The principle of individuality states that training should be tailored to the specific needs of the athlete. Addressing unique muscle imbalances and personal motivation levels requires modifying the program to suit the individual runner.
specificity
Specificity requires training to replicate the physiological demands and movement patterns of the sport. Resistance training is not specific to the act of endurance running, although it is a beneficial supplement.
variety
While introducing new activities provides variety and helps with motivation, the specific intent to correct the athlete's personal muscle imbalances makes individuality the primary principle in this context.
Which one of the following training methods is the most effective for improving muscular endurance?
plyometric training
resistance training
short-interval training
flexibility training
Reveal Answer
plyometric training
Plyometric training focuses on explosive movements to improve power and speed, not sustained muscular endurance.
resistance training
Resistance training, specifically using lighter weights with higher repetitions, is the most effective method for improving a muscle's ability to sustain repeated contractions over time.
short-interval training
Short-interval training primarily targets the anaerobic energy systems to improve speed and cardiovascular power, rather than localized muscular endurance.
flexibility training
Flexibility training improves the range of motion around a joint, which does not directly enhance the muscle's ability to endure repeated contractions.
The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the muscles at a faster rate than it can be removed is known as
the aerobic threshold.
the lactate threshold.
anaerobic glycolysis.
lactate formation.
Reveal Answer
the aerobic threshold.
The aerobic threshold is the point where lactate levels rise just above resting levels, but the body is still able to clear it efficiently; the point described is a higher intensity.
the lactate threshold.
The lactate threshold is defined as the specific exercise intensity at which lactate production exceeds the body's ability to remove it, causing it to accumulate in the blood.
anaerobic glycolysis.
Anaerobic glycolysis is the metabolic process that produces lactate when oxygen is limited, not the specific threshold point where accumulation exceeds removal.
lactate formation.
Lactate formation refers to the biochemical production of lactate itself, rather than the physiological threshold where accumulation outpaces clearance.
Analyse the tables to identify relevant components of fitness that the amateur athlete should focus on to optimise their competitive performance.
Devise two training sessions targeting the identified components of fitness. Apply the appropriate training methods and principles of training to both training sessions.
Justify how the training sessions have been developed to complement the pursuit of optimal performance. Connect evidence from the tables and identified components of fitness in your response.
| Elite athlete | Amateur athlete | |
|---|---|---|
| Minutes played | 35 | 35 |
| Total number of 0 to 10-second efforts (90% + MHR) | 6 | 12 |
| Total distance covered in 0 to 10-second efforts | 70 m | 50 m |
| Total distance covered during physical activity | 4.2 km | 2.2 km |
| Average heart rate | 150 BPM | 170 BPM |
| Approximate heart rate ranges | |
|---|---|
| MHR range (%) | Heart rate (BPM) |
| 40–50 | 81–101 |
| 51–60 | 102–122 |
| 61–70 | 123–142 |
| 71–80 | 143–162 |
| 81–90 | 163–182 |
| 91–100 | 183–203 |
maximum heart rate
beats per minute
Reveal Answer
Analysis and Evidence
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a discerning analysis of the tables to synthesise meaning when identifying the relevant components of fitness; uses comprehensive evidence from the tables to support the identification of the relevant components of fitness | 5 |
Provides an analysis of the tables to identify the relevant components of fitness; uses evidence from the tables to support the identification of the relevant components of fitness | 4 |
Describes the tables when identifying the relevant components of fitness; identifies evidence from the tables | 3 |
Identifies relevant components of fitness; identifies a relevant feature or features from the tables | 2 |
Identifies a component of fitness OR identifies a feature from the tables | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Training Sessions
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides two training sessions; provides a comprehensive description of the training sessions | 5 |
Provides two training sessions; provides a detailed description of the training sessions | 4 |
Provides two training sessions; provides an appropriate description of the training sessions | 3 |
Provides aspects of a training session; describes a feature of the training session | 2 |
Provides an aspect of a training session OR identifies a feature of training sessions | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Methods and Principles
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Uses a range of training method/s and principles of training; provides a comprehensive explanation of the links between the training sessions and the correctly identified components of fitness | 5 |
Uses a range of training method/s and principles of training; provides a detailed explanation of the links between the training sessions and the correctly identified components of fitness | 4 |
Uses training method/s and principles of training; provides an appropriate explanation of the links between the training sessions and the identified components of fitness | 3 |
Identifies a training method and a principle of training; provides a description of a link between the training session/s and an identified component of fitness | 2 |
Identifies a training method or a principle of training OR provides a description of a link between the training session/s and an identified component of fitness | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |
Justification and Optimisation
Marking Bands| Descriptor | Marks |
|---|---|
Provides a discerning justification of how the devised training sessions will optimise performance; demonstrates discerning use of the tables when linking to the identified components of fitness in the pursuit of optimal performance | 5 |
Provides a considered justification of how the devised training sessions will optimise performance; demonstrates considered use of the tables when linking to the identified components of fitness in the pursuit of optimal performance | 4 |
Provides an appropriate explanation of how the devised training sessions will optimise performance; demonstrates appropriate use of the tables when linking to the identified components of fitness in the pursuit of optimal performance | 3 |
Provides a feasible explanation of how the devised training session/s will optimise performance; demonstrates feasible use of the tables when linking to the identified components of fitness in the pursuit of optimal performance | 2 |
Provides a description of how the devised training session/s will optimise performance OR identifies a feature from the tables linking to an identified component of fitness | 1 |
Does not satisfy any of the descriptors above. | 0 |