SCSA Chemistry Properties and structure of organic materials

Carbon
$n(C) = n(CO_2) = 1.320/44.01 = 0.02999$ mol
$m(C) = 0.02299 \times 12.01 = 0.3602$ g

Chlorine
$n(Cl) = n(HCl) = n(NH_3) = 1.050 \times 0.08570 = 0.08999$ mol
$m(Cl) = 0.08999 \times 35.45 = 3.1900$ g

Fluorine
$m(F) = 4.121 - (0.3602 + 3.1900) = 0.5708$ g
$n(F) = 0.5708 / 19.00 = 0.03004$ mol

Mole Ratio
C: 0.02999
Cl: 0.08999
F: 0.03004

Simplify
Divide by 0.02999
C: 1
Cl: 3.00
F: 1.002

Empirical Formula
$CCl_3F$

Molecular Formula
Empirical formula mass (EFM) = 137.36 amu/g mol$^{-1}$
$n = PV/RT = (120.0 \times 0.6068)/(8.314 \times 323.75) = 0.027052476$ mol
Molecular formula mass (MFM) = $m/n = 3.721/0.0276503204 = 137.54$ g mol$^{-1}$
Molecular formula = MFM/EFM $\times$ Empirical formula = $137.54/137.36 \times CCl_3F = 1.0013 \times CCl_3F$

Molecular formula = Empirical formula = $CCl_3F$

each day, $m(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOH) = 5000 \times 525 = 2.625 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

$n(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOH) = \frac{2.625 \times 10^6}{158.234} = 1.659 \times 10^4 \text{ mol}$

$n(CH_2CH(CH_2)_3CHCHCH_2COOCH_3) = n(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOCH_3) = n(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOH) = 1.659 \times 10^4 \text{ mol}$

$n(CH_2CHCHCH_2) = 2 \times n(CH_2CH(CH_2)_3CHCHCH_2COOCH_3) = 2 \times 1.659 \times 10^4 = 3.318 \times 10^4 \text{ mol}$

for 100% efficient, $m(CH_2CHCHCH_2) = 3.318 \times 10^4 \times 54.088 = 1.79 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

for 72% efficient, $m(CH_2CHCHCH_2) = 1.79 \times 10^6 \times (100/72) = 2.49 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

to the appropriate number of significant figures $2.5 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

That by using excess water, the frequency of collisions between water and methylnonanoate. That this increases the rate of forward reaction. That excess water will increase yield by (shifting the equilibrium position) favouring the forward reaction.

The intermolecular force between (neighbouring) nonanoic acid molecules and (neighbouring) methanol molecules are dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding.
The intermolecular forces between water molecules are hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces.
The predominant force of attraction between nonanoic acid molecules are dispersion forces.
The forces of attraction that will form between methanol molecules and water molecules are hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces.
The methanol is (highly) soluble in water as the energy released in the formation of the new forces of attraction (predominantly hydrogen bonding) is sufficient to overcome the existing forces of attraction between the water molecules and between the methanol molecules.
The nonanoic acid does not (significantly) dissolve in water as the energy released in the formation of the new forces of attraction is insufficient to overcome the existing forces of attraction between the water molecules and between the nonanoic acid molecules

Zymase are enzymes, which are only effective in a narrow pH band and temperature band.

$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \rightarrow 2 \text{ CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} + 2 \text{ CO}_2$

$\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH}$

high pressure increases rate of reaction as there are more particles per unit volume, therefore a greater frequency of collisions. It also increases yield due to it favouring the direction with the fewer number of gas particles which is the product side of the reaction. High temperature also means particles are moving more rapidly and collide more often, and more particles having sufficient energy for successful collisions, a greater proportion of collisions will be successful, increasing reaction rate.

Because hydration of ethene is endothermic, high temperature will favour the formation of the products.

High temperature favours both rate and yield, however, a moderate temperature will still produce an economical yield.

Fermentation requires less energy input than hydration of ethene, fermentation costs less than hydration of ethene, and fermentation is a 'greener' process than hydration of ethene. Furthermore, fermentation uses a renewable feedstock while hydration of ethene does not.