QCAA Psychology Cross-cultural psychology

Influence refers to the reciprocal relationship where members feel they matter to the group and the group matters to them, rather than the boundaries defining the group.

Integration and fulfillment of needs focuses on the reinforcement and rewards members receive from the community, not the structural boundaries defining it.

Shared emotional connection relates to the bond formed through shared history and experiences, whereas boundaries are structurally categorized under the element of membership.

Pluralism refers to a state in which two or more groups or sources of authority coexist, rather than a specific social custom or etiquette.

While Japanese society is often described as collectivist, the specific act of removing shoes is a cultural norm or tradition rather than the definition of the political or social theory of collectivism.

Individualism emphasizes personal independence and self-reliance, which is not the concept illustrated by adhering to a shared social rule regarding etiquette and cleanliness.

This option reverses the typical distinction; pluralism usually acknowledges a mainstream framework, while multiculturalism aims for equality among cultures rather than establishing "several dominant" ones.

This is incorrect because multiculturalism is defined by the presence of many distinct cultural groups, not the absence of subcultures. Furthermore, pluralism refers to coexisting groups, not multiple dominant powers.

This is incorrect because pluralism requires the existence of distinct subcultures; a society with "no subcultures" would be a monoculture. The definition provided here for multiculturalism actually describes pluralism.

While cultural background is an individual difference, the study specifically isolates demographic and cultural heterogeneity as the cause of friction, making cultural diversity the more precise answer.

Increased contact is the mechanism that allowed the conflict to fade and cooperation to improve over time (consistent with the contact hypothesis), rather than the source of the conflict itself.

Group norms emphasizing cooperation would mitigate conflict; the study indicates that the initial lack of cooperation stemmed from the demographic differences before such norms or relationships were fully established.

This option focuses on individual goals (

This describes the nature of the contact (prolonged cooperation) rather than the definition of the goal itself; while superordinate goals induce this activity, the defining feature is the shared necessity described in Option B.

This refers to "equal status contact," which is a separate condition of the Contact Hypothesis, distinct from the specific concept of superordinate goals.

This is incorrect because the program was led by Aboriginal researchers and involved community consultations, which actively prioritizes and supports self-determination.

This is incorrect because acknowledging different ways of knowing typically promotes and strengthens cultural continuity rather than limiting it.

While the program likely aligns with cultural norms, this option is incorrect because the text specifically emphasizes self-determination and community consultation in the program's development, rather than explicitly focusing on kinship.

While the program itself might aim to reduce isolation, the primary purpose of the community consultations during the development phase was to gather input, not to reduce isolation among future participants.

Community consultations are designed to gather feedback and ensure cultural relevance, but they cannot guarantee or ensure positive relationships between all participants.

It is unrealistic to expect that consultations would result in unanimous agreement among all community members on every element of the framework; rather, they aim to capture a representative range of views.

While influence and shared emotional connection are correct factors, investment is actually a sub-component of membership (personal investment) rather than a distinct top-level factor.

This option incorrectly includes spiritual bonds, which is not one of the four main factors, and lists investment, which is a sub-component of membership.

This option is incorrect because it lists spiritual bonds instead of influence as one of the four primary factors.

Accommodation refers to the process of adapting or adjusting to others (such as modifying speech patterns), rather than the established norms of physical proximity.

Assimilation is the process by which individuals adopt the traits of a dominant group; while conversational distance might change during this process, the distance itself is a characteristic of the underlying culture.

Pluralism describes a societal structure where distinct groups coexist while maintaining their identities, not the specific behavioral norms regarding personal space.

Multiculturalism explicitly rejects the idea of a single dominant culture, instead viewing society as a mosaic of distinct cultures that coexist with equal status.

Multiculturalism tends to focus more on group rights and the preservation of collective cultural identities, whereas classical liberal pluralism focuses more on the rights of the individual.

This describes assimilation, where an individual or group adopts the practices of a dominant culture while losing their original cultural identity.

This defines superordinate goals, which are shared objectives that require cooperation between conflicting groups to be achieved.

This generally describes social norms or culture itself, rather than the specific psychological reaction of shock upon encountering a new culture.

This describes discrimination or inequality in general, which can result from various forms of bias, but it does not specifically capture the conscious and overt nature that defines explicit racism.

This option defines stereotypes, which are cognitive schemas or generalizations applied to groups, rather than the specific act or state of explicit racism.

This describes implicit racism or unconscious bias, which operates automatically and without conscious awareness, the opposite of explicit racism.

Equal-status contact refers to interactions where group members have similar power or standing, but it does not explicitly define the act of working together toward a shared objective.

Intergroup contact is a broad term for any interaction between members of different groups; it does not specifically describe the cooperative dynamic of working toward a common goal.

Sustained contact refers to the duration and frequency of interaction required to build relationships, rather than the specific cooperative effort to achieve a shared objective.

Aboriginal communities are highly diverse and do not all share the exact same needs. Implementing the program in multiple communities tests generalizability, not just repeatability.

Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors. Testing in multiple communities improves external validity, not internal validity.

Cultural uniqueness is not an extraneous variable to be controlled or eliminated in this context. Instead, the study embraces this diversity to see if the program is effective across various distinct communities.