QCAA Psychology Cross-cultural psychology

While influence and shared emotional connection are correct factors, investment is actually a sub-component of membership (personal investment) rather than a distinct top-level factor.

This option incorrectly includes spiritual bonds, which is not one of the four main factors, and lists investment, which is a sub-component of membership.

McMillan and Chavis (1986) defined the four elements of a sense of community as membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection.

This option is incorrect because it lists spiritual bonds instead of influence as one of the four primary factors.

Multiculturalism explicitly rejects the idea of a single dominant culture, instead viewing society as a mosaic of distinct cultures that coexist with equal status.

Multiculturalism places a higher value on tolerance, seeking active recognition and acceptance of diverse groups rather than mere coexistence.

Multiculturalism is distinct because it emphasizes that all cultures have equal value; therefore, it advocates for policies and social norms that prevent the unequal treatment or marginalization of minority groups.

Multiculturalism tends to focus more on group rights and the preservation of collective cultural identities, whereas classical liberal pluralism focuses more on the rights of the individual.