NESA Chemistry Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases

A condensation reaction occurs when amino acid monomers are joined to form a peptide bond and water is removed.

A peptide bond is formed.

each day, $m(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOH) = 5000 \times 525 = 2.625 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

$n(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOH) = \frac{2.625 \times 10^6}{158.234} = 1.659 \times 10^4 \text{ mol}$

$n(CH_2CH(CH_2)_3CHCHCH_2COOCH_3) = n(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOCH_3) = n(CH_3(CH_2)_7COOH) = 1.659 \times 10^4 \text{ mol}$

$n(CH_2CHCHCH_2) = 2 \times n(CH_2CH(CH_2)_3CHCHCH_2COOCH_3) = 2 \times 1.659 \times 10^4 = 3.318 \times 10^4 \text{ mol}$

for 100% efficient, $m(CH_2CHCHCH_2) = 3.318 \times 10^4 \times 54.088 = 1.79 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

for 72% efficient, $m(CH_2CHCHCH_2) = 1.79 \times 10^6 \times (100/72) = 2.49 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

to the appropriate number of significant figures $2.5 \times 10^6 \text{ g}$

That by using excess water, the frequency of collisions between water and methylnonanoate. That this increases the rate of forward reaction. That excess water will increase yield by (shifting the equilibrium position) favouring the forward reaction.

The intermolecular force between (neighbouring) nonanoic acid molecules and (neighbouring) methanol molecules are dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding.
The intermolecular forces between water molecules are hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces.
The predominant force of attraction between nonanoic acid molecules are dispersion forces.
The forces of attraction that will form between methanol molecules and water molecules are hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces.
The methanol is (highly) soluble in water as the energy released in the formation of the new forces of attraction (predominantly hydrogen bonding) is sufficient to overcome the existing forces of attraction between the water molecules and between the methanol molecules.
The nonanoic acid does not (significantly) dissolve in water as the energy released in the formation of the new forces of attraction is insufficient to overcome the existing forces of attraction between the water molecules and between the nonanoic acid molecules

ethanamine

H$_2$O(l)
C$_2$H$_5$NH$_3^+$(aq)

The hydrochloric acid (H$^+$) reacts with the OH$^-$ ions and decreases their concentration.
According to Le Ch telier’s principle, this will make the equilibrium position shift to the right to counteract decrease in OH$^-$ (products).
Therefore, the concentration of A will decrease.

[CH$_3$CH$_2$NH$_2$] = 2.0 - x $\approx$ 2.0 as 2.0 $\gg$ $K_b$

Let x = [C$_2$H$_5$NH$_3^+$] = [OH$^-$]

$K_b = \frac{[C_2H_5NH_3^+][OH^-]}{[CH_3CH_2NH_2]}$
$5.6 \times 10^{-4} = \frac{[x][x]}{[2.0]} = \frac{x^2}{2.0}$
$x^2 = 1.12 \times 10^{-3}$

x = 0.033466 = [OH$^-$]

pOH = -log [OH$^-$] = 1.475 $\approx$ 1.5

pH = 14 - 1.5 = 12.5
pH = 12.5 (to 1 decimal place)

Heat CH$_3$Br with KCN under reflux to produce CH$_3$CN and KBr

CH$_3$CN(aq) + 2H$_2$(g) $\xrightarrow{\text{heat with Ni catalyst}}$ CH$_3$CH$_2$NH$_2$(aq)